SOCIAL GLUE (Excel file)This is a featured page



SOCIOLOGY 365 -- SOCIOLOGY OF GLOBALIZATION



JAMES E. MILLER TERM PAPER -- SOCIAL GLUE






PRIMARY KEY-WORD SECONDARY KEYWORD REFERENCE APPLICATION/COMMENT GRAPHICS



ALL common agenda Ehrenreich & Hochschild "Before we can hope to find activist solutions, we need to see these women as full human beings. They are strivers as well as victims, wives and mothers as well as workers -- sisters, in other words, with whom we in the First world May someday define a common agenda." P. 13
ALL development Rifkin “If the talent, energy, and resourcefulness of hundreds of millions of men and women are not redirected to constructive ends, civilization will probably continue to disintegrate into a state of increasing destitution and lawlessness from which here may be no easy return. For this reason, finding an alternative to formal work in the market place is the critical task ahead for every nation on earth. Preparing for a post-market area will require far grater attention to the building up of the third [NGO] sector and the renewal of community life. Unlike the market economy, which is based solely on “productivity” and therefore amenable to the substitution of machines for human input, the social economy is centered on human relationships, on feelings of intimacy, on companionship, fraternal bonds, and stewardship – qualities not easily reduced to or replaceable by machines. Because it is the one realm that machines cannot fully penetrate or subsume, it will be by necessity the refuge where the displaced workers of the Third Industrial Revolution will go to find renewed meaning and purpose in life after the commodity value of their labor in the formal marketplace has become marginal or worthless.” Pp. 291 - 292.
ALL earnings


ALL elite


ALL global Ehrenreich & Hochschild "The lifestyle of the First World are made possible by a global transfer of the services associated with a wife's traditional role -- child chare, home-making, and sex -- from poor countries to rich ones." p. 4
ALL globalization Ehrenreich & Hochschild "In an ever more economically unequal world, where so many of the affluent devote their lives to ghostly pursuits like stock trading, image making and opinion polling, real work, in the old-fashioned sense of labor that engages hand as well as eye, that tires the body and directly alters the physical world tends to vanish from sight. The feminists of my generation tried to bring some of it into the light of day, but, like busy professional women fleeing the house in the morning, they left the project unfinished, the debate broken off in mid-sentence, the noble intentions unfilled. Sooner or later, someone else will have to finish the job." p. 103.
ALL poor


ALL poverty


ALL replacement Ehrenreich & Hochschild 120 million legal and illegal immigrants are women who, from a regional viewpoint, tend to replace upper class women in countries which are "hospitable" to the immigrants. For instance. Latinas from Mexico and Central America tend to be welcome in American households, because Spanish is one of the major languages taken by high performing high school and college students who become high end wage earners. "In French cities, North African women have replaced the rural French girls. In west Germany, Turk and women from former East Germany have replaced rural native-born women." p. 7
ALL roles, cast-off Ehrenreich & Hochschild Third world women assume the cast-off roles of women of the First World countries-- cleaning, house keeping, child rearing, sex. P. 3.
ALL scarcity


ALL sociology Ehrenreich & Hochschild "Why this transfer of women's traditional services from poor to rich parts of the world? The reasons are, in a crude way, easy to guess. Women in Western Countries have increasingly taken on paid work, and hence need other paid domestics and caretakers for children and elderly people -- to replace them.' p. 7
ALL surplus


ALL Meaning of Life, pg 29 Armand Hammer, industrialist, physician and self-made diplomat, was chairman of Occidental Petroleum. The first thing I look at each morning is a picture of Albert Einstein I keep on the table right beside my bed. The personal inscription reads: "A person first starts to live when he can live outside of himself." In other words, when he can have as much regard for his fellow man as he does for himself. I believe we are here to do good. It is the responsibility of every human being to aspire to do something worthwhile, to make this world a better place than the one he found. Life is a gift, and if we agree to accept it, we must contribute in return. When we fail to contribute, we fail to adequately answer why we are here.
ALL Meaning of Life, pg 73 Carl Sagan, Pulitzer Prize winning author and professor of astronomy and space Exploration. Writes about space exploration and the long-term effects of nuclear war. In the past few decades, the United States and the Soviet Union have accomplished something that—unless we destroy ourselves first—will be remembered a thousand years from now: the first close-up exploration of dozens of other worlds. Together we have found much out there that is magnificent, instructive and of practical value. But we have found no race, no hint of life. The Earth is an anomaly. In all the solar system, it is, so far as we know, the only inhabited planet. We humans are one among millions of separate species who live in a world burgeoning, overflowing with life. And yet, most species that ever were are no more. After flourishing for one hundred fifty million years, t he dinosaurs became extinct. Every last one. No species is guaranteed its tenure on this planet. And humans, the first beings to devise the means for their own destruction, have been here for only several million years. We are rare and precious because we are alive, because we can think. We are privileged to influence and perhaps control our future. We have an obligation to fight for life on Earth—not just for ourselves but for all those, humans and others, who came before us and to whom we arc beholden, and for all those who, if we are wise enough, will come after. There is no cause more urgent than to strive to eliminate on a global basis the growing threats of nuclear war, environmental catastrophe, economic collapse and mass starvation. These problems were created by humans and can be solved by humans. No social convention, no political system, no economic hypothesis, no religious dogma is more important. The hard truth seems to be this: We live in a vast and awesome universe in which, daily, suns are made and worlds destroyed, where humanity clings to an obscure clod of rock. The significance of our lives and our fragile realm derives from our own wisdom and courage. We are the custodians of life's meaning. We would prefer it to be otherwise, of course, but there is no compelling evidence for a cosmic- Parent who will care for us and save us from ourselves. It is up to us.
ALL Meaning of Life, pg. 55 Gary Lamb, a farmer Every night we turn on the evening news; a nuclear accident in the Soviet Union, an oil spill off Alaska, the destruction of Brazil's rain forests, an ozone hole here, a drought there. And we find it somewhat comforting since the disasters seem to affect strangers in faraway places, as if we weren't, in fact, members of one world. We're like a wildebeest out on the African plains that grazes unconcernedly while lions devour one of our herd. In fact, we're all connected, If we had the courage, we'd address the fact that this whole technological system that supports our way of life today may also he destroying the planet's natural life-support system. And as a farmer I realize that despite all of the technological advances of the age, my neighbors and I are still at the mercy of the good graces of the same heavens. We are a spoiled society in the United Suites. We go to the grocery store and our meals are cut and wrapped, rolled in bread crumbs and ready to pop in the oven. Since we've been blessed with a favorable climatic zone and natural resources, we sometimes think agriculture was created for us alone. We find it difficult to see that food shortages are possible and that there are ways that we can maximize production not to maximize profits or to acquire a bigger share of the world market but in order to feed the world's hungry. My belief is that a man should be judged not by the duration of his life but by the donation. And our goals should be to contribute something meaningful back to the whole of society, to alleviate world hunger, to make the world a better place for those yet unborn, to build an everlasting peace throughout the world,
ALL Meaning of Life, 127 H. Ross Perot, billionaire businessman and chairman of Electronic Data Systems, funds conservative causes. The real question to ask is: Why am here? Each of us was placed here for a special purpose. I believe that it is each person's, responsibility to determine what he or she can do to make the world a better place—and then go out and do it. We arrive here to: Live together peacefully. Be honest with ourselves and others. Stand on principle, never yielding to expediency, Take full responsibility for our actions. Control our selfish and acquisitive instincts. Protect and preserve our home—the planet we live on. Maintain and improve the most efficient unit of government in the world has ever known—the strong family unit. Manage a world driven by rapid change for the benefit of future generations even though an inherent trait of human nature is to resist change. Be resolute and unflinching in accomplishing the toughest tasks, where the odds of achieving success are against us. Risk failure,
ALL Meaning of Life, pg 127 Harry Blackmun, US Supreme Court Judge wrote the landmark Roe v. Wade decision legalizing abortion. Wade decision legalizing abortion. It is perhaps more difficult to answer the question "Why are we here'.'" than it is ID answer ''What ought we to do, now that we are here?" The latter, I suppose, has led to the events that constitute the history of man, so far as we know it; to the development of our social structures; to our sense of beauty, however expressed; to the emergence of the world's legal systems; and to our conceptions of morality and all the other factors that enter, or fail to enter, into it— faith, trust, justice, compassion, understanding, peace. But here we are. Sot one of us asked to be here or had very much to do with his arrival. With our finite minds we cannot presume to know if there is a Purpose. We sense, however, the presence of something greater than we can comprehend, a force as yet unknown to us—perhaps ever to be unknown. So we accept our .sit nation, learn from it, and do the best we can, resting on faith, despair or cynicism, depending on the individual. Overriding all this must he an obligation—self-imposed or externally impressed—to do the best one can for others, to relieve suffering and to exercise compassion. We are all in this together, for life is a common, not an individual, endeavor.
ALL Meaning of Life, pg 127 Judith Rapoport Psychiatrist, is chief of the National Institute of Mental Health's child psychiatry branch. As paleontology has shown, our species is a latecomer to this earth's party. Our invitation was probably accidental. No one seems to know who's giving the party or why. For just this reason, it is all the more remarkable that we have constructed as much meaning as we have. Before it is over, we must learn how to live as fully as we can while helping others to do so. That there are so many rich ways to do this is the great glory of life. I don't think any more answers than this one arc forthcoming, but this answer alone seems a great deal t o me. The mere process of dealing with others, outside of 1 he formal systems that otherwise provide meaning, provides awe enough.
ALL Meaning of Life, pg 73 Ted Turner, Cable television pioneer, sports team owner and yachtsman, is winner of America’s cup. There's nothing wrong with thinking there's a next life, a dream-world, a happy hunting-ground, a paradise over the rainbow, salvation. But don't go to church on Sundays to pray to some unknown being who hasn't shown up in thousands of years to come save you. You need to get off your knees and roll up your sleeves and save yourself. Our reason for being here is to have a productive, good, long life and lo experience the truth that we're in paradise here right now. In the Old Testament paradise was, at one time, here on this earth. Native American Indians consider earth as paradise. Go into the Adirondacks, assuming you're not in an area where acid rain has killed the trees, go into the Alps, go into the jungle; Paradise is just hanging out, waiting for you. Or go to the United Nations or look at the new stance of the superpowers: I believe that peace is at hand for this planet. The problem with all the world's religions is that they have commandments engraved in stone, and none speaks about achieving paradise in the 1990s. Christianity had a couple thousand years to try to solve the world's problems, and we're in a bigger mess now than we ever were as we go on killing the planet, destroying our home, devouring the host. How can Christianity address the problems of air pollution and nuclear proliferation and overpopulation when it's geared toward the issues of Jesus Christ's day: the domination of Rome and grinding slavery? Jesus tried to give his contemporaries hope in the next world because he could see there was no hope in the current one. Why not try what I rail ten voluntary initiatives? These aren't commandments; people of this age shouldn't be told to do any thing. But they're updated for today. And I suggest trying these on for size, as a way of helping foster the idea that our purpose while alive is to make a heaven here. (1) Love and respect t ho planet and all living things thereon. (2) Treat all persons with dignity, respect and friendliness. (3) Have no more than two children. (4) Help save what is left of our natural world and restore damage where practical. (5) Use as few nonrenewable resources as possible. (6) Use as few toxic chemicals, pesticides and other poisons as possible. (7) Contribute to those less fortunate than yourself to help them become self-sufficient and enjoy the benefits of a decent life. (8) Reject the use of force, military force in particular. (9) Support the total elimination of all nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and, in time, that of all weapons of mass destruction. (10) Support the United Nations. One way to get this going, believe it or not, is TV. You talk about Marshall McLuhan's idea of TV connecting us all in one "global village." I believe mass communication has helped make us all closer today than we've ever been. And 1 believe that the gathering and dissemination of worthwhile information to all the peoples of the world is the most important tool we have for achieving the end of if realizing that our planet is the address for paradise.
ALL Meaning of Life, pg 73 Yakov Smirnoff, comedian, is a Soviet emign? to the U.S. My mother told me a story when I was a child. When Leo Tolstoy was an old man he was planting little apple trees. His neighbor laughed at him and called him a silly old man, because when the apples finally grew he wouldn't be around to eat them. Tolstoy told him, "Yes, but other people will eat them and they will think of me." I think that's what we're supposed to do: Leave more than we've found, give more than we've received, love more than we've been loved. And while we're here, we should always rewind the videotapes before returning them to the rental store.
ALL Meaning of Life,pg 195 Yuri Zarakhovich is a Soviet translator What are we doing here? Trying to understand just that. Except we do it poorly. We often lack courage to grapple with the issue, getting ourselves preoccupied with daily pursuits as we keep pressing on blindly. This, among other things, results in workaholic escapism, which arecJiints for a good deal of human endeavor. For nil we know, we hardly asked to be born. Was this gift of life bestowed upon us aft a responsibility? An obligation to seek our true self'.' A commitment to solitary striving, to move from wherever they got us started to someplace else, making it possible for those who'll follow us to continue once we've stopped? Life is a < tough job not everyone can cope with. Some gift. But, then again, it's bad manners to look a gift horse in the mouth. Maybe the awareness of this commitment to evolve, to reach beyond ourselves—an awareness we can't really identify in terms of human thinking or express in terms of hum an speech—is the only real glimpse of the meaning of life we're entitled to. But this awareness alone makes it possible for our spiritual deve!opment as humans. Life, however, is not meant to be wasted in scholastic theorizing about its meaning. It is meant to be lived: lived by trial and error, which, though not an altogether reasonable process, seems somehow humane nonetheless. Life hasn't been meted out to us as a blueprint to be unflinchingly followed. Life is a matter of choice, left entirely up to us. Choose your best.
ALL Meaning of Life


ALL Meaning of Life


ALL Meaning of Life


ALL Meaning of Life


ALL Meaning of Life


BOND "native culture" Ehrenreich & Hochschild "In hiring a nanny, many such employers implicitly hope to import a poor country's "native culture," there replenishing their own rich country's depleted culture of care. **** These professional parents are pressured for time and anxious to develop their kids' talents. I tell the parents that they can really lean how to love from the Latinas and the Filipinas." p. 23.
BOND business


BOND casual


BOND cause


BOND commitment Ehrenreich & Hochschild "Maria's commitment to her own children, aged twelve and thirteen when she left to work abroad, bears the mark of that upbringing. Through all of their anger and tears, Maria sends remittance and calls, come hell or high water. The commitment is there." P. 25
BOND community


BOND demonstration


BOND employer maternalism Ehrenreich & Hochschild Some employer-employee relationships are marked by a relationship of maternalism, friendliness, pity, charity by the employer toward the employee. Some of this maternalism is expressed through gifts. "Said Maggie, a Zairean working in Athens, 'You need the money to feed your children, and in place of pay, they give you old clothes. 'I give you this, I give you this.' They give you things, but me, I need money. Why? I am a human being'." pp. 110-111.
BOND extended family Ehrenreich & Hochschild Jeek, whose mother has been away for 12 of his 19 years, was raised by his childless uncle. "I remember in high school, he would push me to study. I learned a lot from him in high school. Showing his love for me, he would help me with my schoolwork." P. 46 "The support of extended kin, or perhaps a sense of public accountability for their welfare, also helps children combat feelings of abandonment." p. 50
BOND faith


BOND family Ehrenreich & Hochschild Article 9 of the United Nations Declaration of Rights of the Child (1959): a child "should grow up in a family environment, in an atmosphere of happiness, love, and understanding," and "not be separated from his or here parents against their will…"
BOND follower


BOND guilt Ehrenreich & Hochschild Many workers stay in their adopted countries and seldom have the funds or the opportunity to visit home. Separated from their children, they are freighted and have a terrible sadness. P. 21-22.
BOND leader


BOND love Ehrenreich & Hochschild Does a child have a "right" to "love"? "The more we love and are loved, the more deeply we can love. Love is not fixed in the same way that most material resources are fixed." "...[L]of is a renewable resource; it creates more of itself." P. 23.
BOND movement


BOND parenting Ehrenreich & Hochschild "Children matter to their parents immeasurably, of course, but the labor of raising them does not earn much credit in the eyes of the world. **** Rather the declining value of child care results from a cultural politics of inequality. It can be compared with a declining value of basic food crops relative to manufactured goods on the international market." p. 29.
BOND personal beliefs and moral guide lines http://forums.horsecity.com/cgi-bin/bb/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=29;t=025328 "The earth does not belong to man, man belongs to the earth. All things are connected like the blood that unites us all. Man did not weave the web of life, he is merely a strand in it. Whatever he does to the web, he does to himself." Chief Seattle 1852
BOND religion


BOND remorse Ehrenreich & Hochschild "Whatever arrangements these mothers make for their children, however, most feel the separation acutely, expressing guilt and remorse. 'The first two years I felt I was going crazy. **** I would catch myself gazing at nothing, thinking about my child." A migrant mother comments about leaving her two-month old baby in the care of relatives. P. 21
BOND riot


BOND social glue


CLOTHING cheap


CLOTHING cloth


CLOTHING clothes


CLOTHING contract


CLOTHING donate


CLOTHING fashion


CLOTHING garment


CLOTHING manufacture


CLOTHING price


CLOTHING retail


CLOTHING sale


CLOTHING sew


CLOTHING sweat


CLOTHING thrift


CLOTHING union


CLOTHING wearability


CLOTHING wholesale


COMMUNITY business


COMMUNITY charity


COMMUNITY education


COMMUNITY gender roles Ehrenreich & Hochschild "In most cultures of the First World outside the United States, powerful traditions even more firmly discourage husbands from doing "women's work". P. 9
COMMUNITY goverance


COMMUNITY leader


COMMUNITY movement


COMMUNITY social


COMMUNITY trade


COMMUNITY work


EMPOWERMENT education Batstone "A company with a strong learning culture encourages its employees to reach their potential." p. 146. To equip people to take contro of their own job path already opens a new mind-set about a worker's potential in the company." p. 147.
EMPOWERMENT online learning Batstone "The e-learning program launched [by United Airlines] in September 1998 cut the e-ticketing training course down to eighteen hours, a whopping 55 percent reduction in lost work hours. Equally important, proficiency levels soared: the best score among employees who too the classroom training was lower than the worst score among those who took the computer-based course. **** By December 1999, roughly 60 percent of its 7.1 million passengers booked using e-tickets." p. 146.
EMPOWERMENT valued employees Batstone "I consider my workers to be assets, not an expense". Aaron Fuerstein, CEO of Malden Mills Industries who rebuilt the company's textile mills in Lawrence, MA after a disastrous fire destroyed three of four principal plants, which the company rebuilt. p. 132 - 133.
ENVIRONMENT clean


ENVIRONMENT dirty


ENVIRONMENT ecology


ENVIRONMENT foul


ENVIRONMENT green


ENVIRONMENT greenhouse


ENVIRONMENT ozone


ENVIRONMENT poison


ENVIRONMENT pollute


ENVIRONMENT productive


ENVIRONMENT renewable


ENVIRONMENT rewards Batstone "Workers receive a cash bonus each year the company reduces the amount of disposable waste it produces relative to what can be recycled. They are rewarded eve more if energy use decreases or if water use per pound of production drops." p. 169.
ENVIRONMENT sustain


ENVIRONMENT toxic


ETHNICITY access


ETHNICITY belief structure


ETHNICITY change


ETHNICITY climate


ETHNICITY cultural practices


ETHNICITY diseases


ETHNICITY food


ETHNICITY Irish http://irishusa.com/ Entertainers, venues, pubs, restaurants, vendors and organizations in the USA.
ETHNICITY Danish http://www.danish-techno.com/ Danish Techno music: "Danish-Techno.com is becoming a big part of the underground techno culture on the web. We got visitors from more than 46 different countries around the world and daily downloads are increasing. It seems that our visitors are returning to acquire the new tracks that we upload. It has been a bit slow for a month now due to webhosting problems, but we are running on full speed now and nothing can stop us."
ETHNICITY Spanish http://www.cyberspain.com/ Cyberspain offers you a huge journey through Spain, its culture, traditions and landscapes.
ETHNICITY Algerian http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/99_00/AF/Alg/alg_cul.htm The Algerian family is important and private. It often includes three or more generations in a single home. families have an average four or five children. Smaller nuclear families are found in cities. Although some Algerians live in apartments, most prefer concrete homes with four or five rooms
ETHNICITY



ETHNICITY



ETHNICITY Scottish http://www.tartans.com/ The gathering of the clans -- all things Scottish
ETHNICITY Eskimo http://www.ric.edu/rpotter/popcult.html THE ARCTIC IN POPULAR CULTURE : The Arctic Regions have brought forth a wide variety of popular imagery, ranging from Currier & Ives Prints to cigarette trading cards to stereoscope and magic lantern views.
ETHNICITY genetic


ETHNICITY language, dialect


ETHNICITY language, group


ETHNICITY marriage, arranged


ETHNICITY marriage, mixed


ETHNICITY marriage, monoclass


ETHNICITY marriage, plural


ETHNICITY migration


ETHNICITY place Ehrenreich & Hochschild "I have a problem with women from Ethiopia; they are lazy; and they have no sense of duty, though they are good-hearted…." P. 109.
ETHNICITY procreation, rate


ETHNICITY shelter


ETHNICITY size


ETHNICITY skin color Ehrenreich & Hochschild "You know the black people are used to being under the sun, and the people in France think they are very lazy; they are not going quick, and you know, another breed, but they are very good with children, very maternal." pp. 108-09.
FOOD agriculture


FOOD celebrations


FOOD cost


FOOD deprivation


FOOD dishes


FOOD ethnic


FOOD global


FOOD production


FOOD recipes


FOOD security


FOOD self-sufficient


FOOD shelter


FOOD sources


FOOD subsistence


FOOD surplus


HEALTH access


HEALTH addictions


HEALTH cost


HEALTH diet Ehrenreich & Hochschild In the Philippines, rice is the main staple. In Hong Kong, the staple is wheat bread or noodles. By Philippine standards a person who is considered weigh-wise, OK is "overweight" by Chinese standards. A "chubby" domestic is under-fed so she will lose weight. Often the domestic is given "over-ripe fruit and leftovers that no one else wanted." p. 131.
HEALTH disease, control


HEALTH disease, cure


HEALTH disease, prevention


HEALTH distribution


HEALTH medial bills Ehrenreich & Hochschild One employer threatened the employee with deducting the employee's medical bills from her wages. 129.
HEALTH technology


HEALTH wellness


ICONS sports - sailing http://baltimore.craigslist.org/act/62685603.html "GWM wants sailing buddies. Male, female, straight, gay, black, white, purple, Martian. Just people who like sailing and are easy going and into sailing for the love of the sport. Reply to: anon-62685603@craigslist.org Date: 2005-03-07, 1:34PM EST"
ICONS sports - backpackers http://www.backpackers.com/Europe/classifieds/travel_buddies/ Example: Date: Tuesday, April 19, 2005 Email to a friend Reply To: mf1004@txstate.edu I'm a 22/m that just graduated from Texas State Universtity-San Marcos and am looking to let loose and party in Europe. I'm really into Music, History, and Art and I def want to see as much as I can from Amsterdam down to Rome. I'll be arriving in late July and staying for 3-4 weeks. Looking for people to travel/party/site see together. Hit me your interested.
ICONS sports


ICONS sports


ICONS emotes http://www.dfwsportbike.com/forums/misc.php Smilies' are small graphical images that can be used to convey an emotion or feeling. If you have used email or internet chat, you are likely familiar with the smilie concept. Certain standard strings are automatically converted into smilies. Try twisting your head on one side if you do not 'get' smilies; using a bit of imagination should reveal a face of some description.
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ICONS



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PRIVACY food Ehrenreich & Hochschild A person's culture is often defined by the food they eat-- what they eat, how it is fixed and how served and eaten. In the Hong Kong study by the authors, they found that the Chinese employers did not respect the cultural food traditions of the Filipinas. Filipians were ordered to use chop sticks with which they were unfamiliar. They were required to each out of the communal pot. Blood was left on the steamed chicken. Filipinas were used to good portions of rice at every meal. The Chinese expected the Filipinas to work with only a slice of bread and watery rice for breakfast. Small portions were the rule. The Filipinas equated their weight loss to the lacking caring by the employer. P. 131.
PRIVACY personal Ehrenreich & Hochschild Some employers so control the appearance of their domestic employees, so as to invade their privacy. Employers prescribe uniforms, requiring loose-fitting pants, style of shoes, and accessories. Also, some employers prohibit the use of make-up, perfume, the length and style of hair and nails. P. 127. One employer insisted that the employee keep her shoulders and upper arms covered at all times. p. 128. Some employers assign a specific time to bath and limit the number and length of the baths. p. 129.
PRIVACY sleeping Ehrenreich & Hochschild "A domestic worker may theoretically be 'allowed' to go to bed whenever she pleases, but if her 'bedroom' is in the living room where the family watches television until late, or on the floor of the kitchen, she cannot go to sleep until the rest of the family does, because of the noise, interruptions or lack of privacy." p. 123.
PRIVACY territorial restrictions Ehrenreich & Hochschild In the Hong Kong study, workers were often territorially restricted. Some parts of the house were off-limits except for cleaning. A worker could not sit anywhere except in her own room. Often their quarters were the floor of a bathroom, a kitchen or a windowless room with a "squat" toilet" a hole in the floor rather than a regular toilet. P. 133. In the summer the worker's bedroom without a fan or air conditioning would be very hot. p. 136.
PRIVACY



PRODUCTS Beer http://www.allaboutbeer.com/wbf2004/index.html "Come join us for a big day of excitement at the 10th Annual World Beer Festival where you and your friends can enjoy the best of all worlds...over 300 different craft & imported beers from more than 120 breweries, several rockin' bands, merchandise booths, local restaurants, children's entertainment, and free non-alcoholic beverages."
PRODUCTS Wine http://www.localwineevents.com/ Welcome To The World's Leading Food and Wine Tasting Events Calendar. Napa County Wine Tasting and Dinners. Example: Valley Men Who Cook. Sample delicacies prepared by our very own Valley Men Who Cook chef teams. Sip award-winning wines and locally brewed ales Amazing deals on Napa Valley cult wines, vacation packages, plus more ...at our silent and live auctions Listen to the Caribbean Sounds of Pan Ecstasy What a great way to spend the afternoon with all net proceeds going to Tsunami Relief.
PRODUCTS Food - Jewish http://www.jewfaq.org/kashrut.htm Kashrut is the body of Jewish law dealing with what foods we can and cannot eat and how those foods must be prepared and eaten. "Kashrut" comes from the Hebrew root Kaf-Shin-Resh, meaning fit, proper or correct. It is the same root as the more commonly known word "kosher," which describes food that meets these standards. The word "kosher" can also be used, and often is used, to describe ritual objects that are made in accordance with Jewish law and are fit for ritual use.
PRODUCTS Food - Irish http://www.mastersite.com/stpatricksday.htm For origins, traditions and customs of how St. Patrick's Day came to be, go to A Wee Bit O' Fun, Glimpses and Facts about Saint Patrick
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PROPERTY agriculture


PROPERTY bribery Batstone "When BP [British Petroleum] announced that it had paid $111 million as part of a licensing fee to gain the rights to operate in Angola, for example, the company drew fiery criticism from the sate-owed oil group, Sonangol. Already under investigation by the International Monetary Fund amid the disappearance of more than $1 billion of oil revenues, Sonagol appeared terrified by BP's public disclosure." p. 226.
PROPERTY common


PROPERTY common


PROPERTY cost


PROPERTY distribution


PROPERTY erode


PROPERTY fallow


PROPERTY joint


PROPERTY mining


PROPERTY ownership


PROPERTY rental


PROPERTY self-sufficient


PROPERTY share


PROPERTY soil


PROPERTY sustain


PROPERTY tenant


PROPERTY unworked


PROPERTY use


PROPERTY water


SECURITY attack


SECURITY community


SECURITY crime


SECURITY disappear


SECURITY expense


SECURITY government


SECURITY incarceration


SECURITY income


SECURITY judicial


SECURITY kidnap


SECURITY law enforcement


SECURITY legislation


SECURITY military


SECURITY militia


SECURITY murder


SECURITY police


SECURITY protection


SECURITY ransom


SECURITY redress


SECURITY rights


SECURITY safe


SECURITY secure


SECURITY trust


SEX commercial Ehrenreich & Hochschild The authors tell of numerous cases where a woman is forced through economic and other circumstances to become a prostitute or sex slave. These stories are heart-wrenching and tell of the extreme exploitation of women by governments, police, employers, pimps, investors and brothel owners, as well as by "wealthy" individual sex tourists. Pp. 154- 163.
SEX conjugal


SEX criminal Ehrenreich & Hochschild Women are forced to work in brothels in foreign countries in order to support their children at "home". P. 3
SEX extra-marital Ehrenreich & Hochschild In the past in Hong Kong, the dominant male members of the household would enter into sexual relations with the female workers -- it was expected -- and did not result in divorce. Today the Hong Kong wives are less tolerant of the husband's sexual relations with the female workers. P. 137. The worker's first commitment was to keep her job. P. 138.
SEX heterosexual


SEX homosexual


SEX monogamous


SEX polygamous


SEX recreational Ehrenreich & Hochschild "Why, we wondered, is there a particular demand for "imported" sexual partners? **** …[S]ex tourism grows out of the erotic lure of the "exotic". Immigrant women may seem desirable sexual partners for the same reasons that First 'world employers believe them to be especially gifted as caregivers; they are though to embody the traditional feminine qualities of nurturance, docility, and eagerness to please." p. 9
SEX reproductive


SHELTER campus


SHELTER construction


SHELTER cost


SHELTER design


SHELTER maintenance


SHELTER purchased


SHELTER rental


SHELTER self-built


SHELTER subsistence


SOCIAL "part of the family" Ehrenreich & Hochschild "Writes Miranda Miles: 'The disadvantages of being 'one of the family' far outweighed the advantages. Wages tend to be lower and erratically paid on the premise that the maid would 'understand' their financial situation. Incorporating a domestic worker into the family circle is usually although not always, a sure way of depressing wages and possibly hiding even the most discreet form of exploitation involved in the employer-employee relationship'." P. 112.
SOCIAL alcohol


SOCIAL assumed inferiority Ehrenreich & Hochschild In the Hong Kong study, the authors commented on a source of conflict. Many of the workers could earn more money as a domestic in Hong Kong than teaching school in the Philippines. Such a worker might work for a teacher in Hong Kong and be of equal educational standing, but be treated as inferior. The Chinese employer assumed the position that because the worker was a domestic, she necessarily was inferior. P. 139. The worker might own land and a house in the Philippines, whereas the Hong Kong employer only owns a "cup" of land. The Filipina might have a garden, a yard full of ducks, a television, home movies of a wedding, and be able to give large feasts on holidays. Pp. 139-140.
SOCIAL business


SOCIAL chruch


SOCIAL community


SOCIAL dance


SOCIAL drink


SOCIAL ethics Batstone Coop Italia sponsored the World Football Championships in 1998. It heavily promoted a soccer ball made in Pakistan at a higher than normal price, with the profits use to ensure a living wage for the Pakistani workers. Coop Italia made sure that "Ethics Ball" was not made with any child labor. p. 234.
SOCIAL faith


SOCIAL family Schmalzbauer, Leah Mothering quote
SOCIAL family roles Ehrenreich & Hochschild "But in addition to the brain drain, there is now a parallel but more hidden and wrenching trend, as women who normally care for the young, the old and the sick in their own poor countries, move to care for the young, the old and the sick in rich countries, whether as maids and nannies or as day-care and nursing-home aids. It's a care drain." p. 17
SOCIAL food


SOCIAL government vilification Ehrenreich & Hochschild "Government officials and the media [Philippines] could then stop vilifying migrant women, redirecting their attention, instead to men." P. 54
SOCIAL intimacy Ehrenreich & Hochschild As part of a household, the worker often observes the intimate behavior of their clients. Often the nanny, as the primary care-giver of an infant or young child develops strong bonds. Juliette, a nanny from Cote d'Ivoire, recalled: " I cared for a baby for his first year .... the child loves you as a mother, but the mother was very jealous and I was sent away. I was so depressed then, seriously depressed. All I wanted was to go back and see him .... I will never care for a baby again. It hurts too much." P. 112.
SOCIAL recreation


SOCIAL religion


SOCIAL singing


SOCIAL socialization


SOCIAL sports


SOCIAL trust
The authors recount the violation of trust by an employer. See Comment.
WORK care vs. caring Ehrenreich & Hochschild "Cleaning can be part and parcel of caring, and tidying up for a disabled person, for instance, can be construed as socially valuable. But many cleaners, like those described at the start of this essay, do work that simply expresses the employer's status, leisure, and power." p. 113.
WORK absence of partner Ehrenreich & Hochschild "In the absence of a male partner, many women have succeeded in tough "male world" careers only by turning over the care of their children, elderly parents, and homes to women from Third World countries." P. 2-3.
WORK benefits


WORK capital


WORK children Rifkin "Between 1960 and 1986, according to one nationawise study, the amount of time parents were able to spednw ith their children declined by ten hours a week in white household and twelve hours a week in black ones." p. 234.
WORK conditions Ehrenreich & Hochschild "you're working from the minute you open your eyes until the minute you close your eyes. …. You keep waiting on your employers until they go to sleep because, although you finish your work, for example you finish ironing everything, putting the children or the elder person to bed, even if you put them to bed at ten o'clock, there are still other members of the family. .... An even if you are sleeping, you sometimes feel you are still on duty." p. 107.
WORK division of duties Ehrenreich & Hochschild Women, even those fully engaged in work outside the home, do sixty-percent of the household work. Between 1965 and 1995, men's share of the work increased 1.7 hours per week while women's decreased by only 7 percent. P. 89
WORK employer preferences Ehrenreich & Hochschild There is a willing supply of cheap labor in each non-migrant labor pool; yet migrant account for a significantly high percentage of domestic labor than non-immigrants. Why? Migrant labor is more willing to live with their employer, especially because of illegal status, language barrier, less expensive than as a live-out worker. Employers value live-in workers: cheaper labor (especially if room and board is off-set against wages), longer unpaid hours, instant availability; the migrant has no children nor husband/partner to distract. Fear of deportation allows many employers to exploit the live-in worker. Live-in workers are more isolated since they have little life outside the employer's home, especially if they do not have papers. P. 107.
WORK employment Ehrenreich & Hochschild The authors recount the violation of trust by an employer. See Comment. "With yearly salaries at the World Bank and the IMF averaging over $120,000 tax-free, the income disparity is striking,…" p. 146.
WORK female breadwinner Rifkin "The increased stress of extended work schedules has been particularly burdensome for women workers, who are, more often than not, forced to manage the household as well as hold down a forty-hour job. Studies indicate that the average working woman in the United States works in excess of eighty hours a week on the job and in the home." p. 234
WORK food allowance Ehrenreich & Hochschild The Hong Kong study elicited a variety of responses to the legal requirement that the employer pay a HK $300 per month food allowance. Generally, the allowance was to cover meat whereas rice, sugar, tea, soy sauce and other common ingredients. The food allowance was to cover meat and vegetables. Often employers insisted that the allowance and the pay covered the food.
WORK indenture


WORK job


WORK life-style workers Ehrenreich & Hochschild Domestic workers support the life-style of the employer as a symbol of the employer's social and economic status -- a sort of "social plumage". They can "show-off" the domestic worker the same as if they were showing off a new car.
WORK male breadwinner Ehrenreich & Hochschild "In both rich and poor countries, fewer families can rely solely on a male breadwinner. **** In the United States, the earning power of most men has declined since 1970, and many women have gone out to make up the difference." p. 3
WORK over-employment Ehrenreich & Hochschild "The more a domestic worker does, the more she must do." p. 126
WORK presence of partner


WORK profit


WORK rules Ehrenreich & Hochschild Hong Kong's Labor and Immigration Department specifies the form and content of labor contracts with immigrant labor. Despite this rule, employment agencies specializing in immigrant labor give their employer clients a set of "rules", as in The Maid's Manual, which contradict the law. One illegal rule is that the employee who quits or is fired can be immediately sent back to their homeland at the terminated employee's expense. Or during the employee's rest breaks or 'free time' they have to answer the door and the telephone or engage in sewing, repotting plants or cleaning cupboards." p. 121, 123. Such manuals are extremely detailed and force the worker to work overtime, without any pay for such overtime in order to meet the schedule. "According to the Asian Migrant Centre study, over 75 percent of all domestic workers surveyed worked more than fourteen hours a day; only about 3 percent of Filipinas worked fewer than eleven hours a day. More than half worked twelve to fifteen hours a day; almost 30 percent worked sixteen to seventeen hours a day, and 4 percent more than eighteen hours a day." p. 124.
WORK slave


WORK sweat


WORK time tables Ehrenreich & Hochschild Chinese domestic workers are supervised not only by the employer, but by an "amah" who might be a mother-in-law or some other relative, or an older paid worker. The amah enforces a very tight time table and schedule which includes a written list of daily, weekly, biweekly, and monthly duties.
WORK undocumented Ehrenreich & Hochschild "Undocumented migrants, for example, cannot draw boundaries or refuse work they find demeaning. They simply do not have the power." p. 113
WORK unemployment


WORK wages Ehrenreich & Hochschild A Philippine worker, such as a clerk, teacher, nurse, administrative aid, would earn on an average of $175 per month. By taking a less skilled work in a foreign country, the same worker could make $410 per month in Hong Kong, $700 per month in Italy or $1,400 a month in Los Angeles." p. 18
WORK working conditions Ehrenreich & Hochschild "Recall that in 1993, Zoe Baird paid here undocumented household workers $5.00 per hour out of her earnings of $507,000 per year." p. 93
WORKERS cooperatives Batstone Coop Italia, headquartered in Bologne, is a group of cooperatives operating 50 superstores, thousands of supermarkets and 200 discount stores. Its total sales in 2001 were $10 billion. It was launched in 1947 as an international buying office for the cooperatives that were still in business. "Coop Italia is a company comprising people, not capital." p. 234.
WORKERS divestment of ownership Batstone Chatsworth Products was a manufacturer of hardware support systems and was created as by the employees as a buyout of the unit of Harris Corporation. Joe Cabral, president, was asked, "How long do you think it will take before you become an IPO? Joe's answer: "We never want to become an IPO because we don't want anyone outside of the company owning us." p. 149. Social glue included involving employees in management decisions, Chatsworth Products was a manufacturer of hardware support systems and was created as by the employees as a buyout of the unit of Harris Corporation. Joe Cabral, president, was asked, "How long do you think it will take before you become an IPO? Joe's answer: "We never want to become an IPO because we don't want anyone outside of the company owning us." p. 149. Social glue included involving employees in management decisions, complete transparency of financial status, good motivation speaking, distributions of profit at times equal to 25% of the base draw, and a feeling, "we are all in this together" and "all pulling on the same end of the rope". p. 151. good motivation speaking, distributions of profit at times equal to 25% of the base draw, and a feeling, "we are all in this together" and "all pulling on the same end of the rope". p. 151.
WORKERS ownership Batstone "Those who contribute to the company should own it." p. 147. "over the past 25 years, employee ownership movements has put $65 billion in company assets in the hands of 10 million white- and blue-collar workers." p. 148.
WORKERS



WORKERS



WORKERS













FOOTNOTES



Fn 1 "Marie Jose Perez, for example, left Bolivia in 1997, excited because she had always dreamed of flying on an airplane and hopeful that she would soon be able to support here family in Bolivia with her wages as a live-in maid. But once here plane landed in Washington, D.C., her employer, a human rights lawyer for the Organization of the American States, confiscated here passport and forced her to work days form than twelve hours long, for less than one dollar per hour. She was not allowed to leave the house without her employer. When a friend of her employer raped her, the human rights lawyer refused to take her to the hospital, claiming that medical care would be too expensive." P. 143.




















BIBLIOGRAPHY








Batstone, David; Saving the Corporate Soul: & (Who Knows) Maybe Your Own; Jossey-Bass, 2003








Ehrenreich, Barbara, and Hochschild, Arlie Russell; Global Women: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy;




2002; Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt and Company, New York.







Rifkin, Jeremy, The End of Work; Putnam Books, New York, 1995













Schmalzbauer, Leah (2004) Searching for Wages and Mothering from Afar: The Case of Honduran




Transnational Families, Journal of Marriage and Family.












Friend, David; 1991; The Meaning of Life: reflections in words and pictures on why we are here; Little, Brown ISBN 0316294020





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